hundreds, possibly thousands of years to separate mixtures based on the boiling points of chemicals. In its simplest form, a mixture of liquids is heated forcing the chemicals to boil at their different boiling points. The mixture components that has the lowest boiling point, boils first. The gas is then condensed back into liquid using a cooling column system and then collected in a separate flask. The process can be repeated over again on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the individual chemical. The process of re-distillation is often called double distillation. Interestingly, the reverse process can be used to separate gases by cooling the gas until the individual gas components condensate into a liquid. 

Laboratory scale distillation equipment generally includes a boiler flask for heating the mixture, a water cooled condenser in which the hot gas is cooled back to a liquid, and a receiver flask in which the purified liquid (called the distillate) is collected. 

Every year, around 7 million deaths occur due to exposure from air pollution and 9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, according to the World Health Organization. Scientists, health officials, and air quality managers around the globe are conducting research into this silent but deadly killer. With the information acquired from both ground-based and satellite- based data, decision makers are able to monitor and respond to events. These articles, highlight some of these efforts.

The Kjeldahl TKN Method involves a three step procedure: digestion, distillation and titration. In this chemical method, ammonium, which contains nitrogen, is produced during the digestion due to the reaction of organic compounds and sulfuric acid. The ammonium Ion that is produced must be transferred from the complex acidic mixture to a simpler solution for quantitative titration analysis. So the second step uses distillation as a transfer process. Before distilling, the ammonium ion is converted to ammonia (a volatile gas) by the addition of sodium hydroxide. The ammonia will de-gas out of the now high pH solution with or without the distillation procedure. Ammonia transfers along with water during the distillation into an acidic trapping solution in the receiving flask. This method uses distillation as a simple physical transfer process moving ammonia (or nitrogen) from one vessel to another.

Analytical/Quantitative Chemistry involves the application of separation science. In order to identify the amount or quantity of a chemical within mixed liquid, the individual components must often be separated or purified from the other chemical components. To accomplish this, classical chemistry methods (aka, wet chemistry methods) are used as separation procedures. Distillation is one of the most common methods. 

Distillation has been used for hundreds, possibly thousands of years to separate mixtures based on the boiling points of chemicals. In its simplest form, a mixture of liquids is heated forcing the chemicals to boil at their different boiling points. The mixture components that has the lowest boiling point, boils first. The gas is then condensed back into liquid using a cooling column system and then collected in a separate flask. The process can be repeated over again on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the individual chemical. The process of re-distillation is often called double distillation. Interestingly, the reverse process can be used to separate gases by cooling the gas until the individual gas components condensate into a liquid.

A supercritical fluid has some advantages over other solvents: Its solubility changes dramatically when you alter the temperature or the pressure. You can control it, so that sometimes it's a solvent for a particular substance, and sometimes it's not. That makes it easy to recover the material that has been dissolved. Let's say you have caffeine dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide. To recover the caffeine (caffeine recovered from coffee beans is often put in soft drinks), you just lower the pressure of the CO2 and the caffeine drops out.

Currently, Debelak is trying to pin down the way a variety of substances behave in supercritical CO2. He's looking at which minerals are easily soluble and which are not. And if they're not, he's trying to determine how their solubility can be improved. Adding other substances to the CO2 sometimes helps, he says.

http://www.dynaflow-inc.com/Products/Bubbly/Bubble-Separator.htm

: https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasa-extracts-breathable-oxygen-thin-martian-air-2021-04-22/

https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/146558main_RecyclingEDA(final)%204_10_06.pdf

: https://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/harvestingmars.html

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